The vaping industry has run a very successful campaign to create a widespread perception that e-cigarettes or vaping is less dangerous to users than smoking conventional cigarettes. But are they really? The information available can be confusing. For every story or article proclaiming the benefits of e-cigarettes, an equal number of articles raise concerns about vaping risks, especially for teens and young adults.
Looking at the facts, I believe our youth and young adults are at risk for negative health effects from e-cigarettes. Let me explain by going into some details you might not be aware of.
What are E-cigarettes? What is ‘Vaping’?
A Chinese pharmacist, Hon Lik, created the first commercially successful electronic cigarette in 2003. He was reportedly motivated by his father’s death from lung cancer due to his heavy tobacco use. He had a simple concept: To separate nicotine delivery from the carcinogens in cigarettes. Because e-cigarettes do not burn tobacco but simply heat the liquid until it vaporizes, users refer to it as “vaping” rather than “smoking.”
E-cigarettes and other Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems are unregulated, battery-operated devices that contain cartridges filled with a liquid mixture of propylene glycol, glycerin, flavors, and nicotine extracted from the tobacco plant. Applying heat to the liquid creates vapor that is inhaled as a mist containing some of the flavoring, various levels of nicotine, and trace amounts of carcinogens.
Parents Should Be Concerned: “Nicotine is a possible gateway to subsequent drug use.”
E-cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive chemical that is particularly risky to teens and young adults.
Teenagers’ brains are constantly evolving and changing, making them more vulnerable to addiction. A person’s brain does not fully develop until the age of 25. The younger someone is when first trying nicotine or other addictive chemicals, the more likely that person is to become addicted.
Nicotine can also increase the risk of developing addiction to other drugs and various mental and physical health problems later in life.
Scary Statistics: “Yes, there is valid reason to panic.”
E-cigarettes are now the most popular form of nicotine use among middle and high school students.
- In 2018, more than 3.6 million U.S. middle and high school students used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days, including 4.9% of middle school students and 20.8% of high school students.
- An eight-fold increase (from 1.5 percent to 11.7 percent) in the use of e-cigarettes among high school students between 2011 and 2017
- More teenagers use e-cigarettes today than smoke regular cigarettes
- The most popular brand is JUUL, an e-cigarette shared like a USB flash drive so it is easily hidden from parents and teachers. According to the manufacturer, a single JUUL pod contains as much nicotine as a pack of 20 regular cigarettes.
- Approximately three-quarters of young adults who report using e-cigarettes also smoke traditional cigarettes, exposing themselves to very high doses of nicotine.
- Tobacco products like e-cigarettes are responsible for the overwhelming majority of tobacco-related deaths and disease in the United States.
Adolescent Brain Development: “The adolescent brain is wired for risk taking.”
Adolescence is a critical period of brain development during which the areas involved in cognitive functioning is still maturing. Evidence suggests that exposure to nicotine interferes with the normal course of brain maturation and has lasting effects on cognitive abilities, mental health, and personality. The adolescent brain is in a vulnerable state of imbalance and particularly susceptible to the influence of brain altering substances like nicotine.
Nicotine’s Effect on the Brain: “Deadly, regardless of how it is delivered into the body.”
Nicotine is a psychoactive and addictive substance that directly interferes with all brain areas involved in emotional and cognitive processing.
Nicotine use during adolescence results in cell damage and cell loss throughout the brain. The effects of nicotine on critical components of reward pathways and circuits involved in learning, memory, and mood are likely to contribute to increased addiction and long-term behavioral problems in adolescents.
Furthermore, research indicates that nicotine exposure during adolescence increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later in life. Compared to adults, adolescent nicotine users experience more episodes of depression and cardiac irregularities, and they are more likely to become quickly and persistently nicotine dependent. As result, adolescents are more vulnerable to nicotine addiction than those who begin smoking as adults.
E-cigarettes Also Contain Harmful Chemicals That Pose a Danger to Your Teen’s Health
The aerosol from E-cigarettes is not harmless. According to the Center for Disease Control, aerosol can contain harmful chemicals to include:
- Ultra-fine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs
- Flavoring such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to a serious lung disease
- Volatile organic compounds such as benzene which is found in car exhaust
- Cancer-causing chemicals
- Heavy metals such as nickel, tin and lead
Tobacco Companies Are Marketing These Products to Children
“What happened to the laws that prohibit companies from marketing traditional cigarettes to young people? Unfortunately, these laws do not apply to e-cigarettes or vaping devices.”
Cigarette companies are prohibited from making television commercials that glamorize smoking, but E-cigarette companies unfortunately can. According to the Truth Initiative, they are using some creative ways to get to kids including offering scholarships, creating buzz on social media, sponsoring music festivals and events, and introducing appealing flavors.
- In 2016, an estimated four in five middle and high school students (20.5 million) were exposed to E-cigarette advertisements, a significant increase over 2015.
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned flavored cigarettes (except menthol), because research shows that young people are attracted to flavors. The plethora of flavors of E-cigarettes and other vaping products likely contribute to their popularity among teens. Most teens who use them say they wouldn’t vape if the products were not flavored.
Behavior Risks: “Is that nicotine or marijuana in their electronic nicotine device?”
- The e-cigarette use among youth and young adults is strongly leaning to the use of other tobacco products, such as regular cigarettes, cigars, hookah and smokeless tobacco.
- Evidence suggests that e-cigarette use is linked to alcohol use and other substance use such as marijuana.
- Studies have shown that teens that use e-cigarettes but not marijuana had doubled likelihood of using marijuana one year later.
- Certain electronic cigarette products can be used to deliver other drugs like marijuana. The vaporized marijuana smoke has little smell, which makes it hard to detect.
What Can Parents Do to Safeguard Against Vaping?
Know the facts.
Make yourself familiar with resources that are readily available on-line like the one from the Partnership for Drug-Free Kids.
Start conversations.
Look for opportunities to discuss vaping with your children. Try using open-ended questions to get the conversation going such as, “What do you think about vaping?”
Try to understand why.
Ask questions like, “What do you enjoy about vaping?” or “How does vaping make you feel?” Answers to these questions high light your child’s needs that can be addressed in a healthier way.
Express your expectations.
Share why you do not want your child to use e-cigarettes. If you choose to set consequences, be sure to follow through, while reinforcing healthier choices.
Be a good role model.
Set a positive example by being e-cigarette and tobacco free.
The Bottom Line: “Nicotine leads to addiction, and addiction leads to a brain disease.”
Putting aside the controversy of whether vaping is a win or loss for public health, I think we can all agree that nicotine (the psychoactive addictive chemical found in e-cigarettes and tobacco smoke) inevitably leads to addiction, and that addiction is a brain disease.
How does nicotine cause a brain disease?
Research from the New England Journal of Medicine has concluded that substance use including nicotine causes the following changes in the brain:
- Desensitizes the brain’s reward circuit, dampening the brain’s ability to feel pleasure and motivation in everyday activities
- Increases the strength and intensity of conditioned responses, including reactivity to stress, which in turn produces stronger cravings for alcohol and other drugs—as well as negative emotions when cravings go unsatisfied
- Weakens regions of the brain involved in executive functioning, like decision-making, impulse control and self-regulation—all of which increase your relapse potential
E-cigarettes are not safe for anyone, period.
It is never safe for this vulnerable age group to use any nicotine products—whether it’s e-cigarettes or tobacco products. Nicotine abstinence is always and will always be the BEST choice.
References
- Know the Risks: E-cigarettes and Young People, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Risks of E-cigarettes for Kids, Teens, and Young Adults, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- E-Cigarettes & Vaping: What Parents Should Know, American Lung Association
- Public Policy Statement on E-cigarettes, American Society of Addiction Medicine
- How To Talk With Your Kids About Vaping. Partnership for Drug-Free Kids
- E-cigarettes shaped like USB Flash Drives: Information for Parents, Educators, and Health Care Providers
- 4 Marketing Tactics E-cigarette Companies Use to Target Youth, Truth Initiative— Inspiring Tobacco-Free Lives